The Moon :: essays research papers

The synodic month     The lunar month is the only innate(p) satellite of Earth. The moon ranges the Earth from 384,400 km and has an average speed of 3700 km per hour. It has a diameter of 3476 km, which is about that of the Earth and has a mass of 7.35e22 kg. The moon is the second brightest object in the sky after the sun.The gravitational forces amid the Earth and the moon cause some interesting effects tides be the most obvious. The moon has no atmosphere, but there is evidence by the United States Department of Defense Clementine spacecraft shows that there mayhap water ice in some deep craters near the moons wedlock and South Pole that are permanently shaded. Most of the moons surface is tag with regolith, which is a mixture of fine dust and rocky debris produced by meteor impact. There are two types of terrain on the moon. One is the to a great extent cratered and very old highlands. The other is the relatively smooth and younger craters that wer e deluge with molten lava. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, visual exploration through and through powerful telescopes has yielded a fairly comprehensive picture of the visible positioning of the moon. The hitherto unseen farthermost side of the moon was maiden revealed to the ball in October 1959 through photographs made by the Soviet Lunik III spacecraft. These photographs showed that the far side of the moon is similar to the near side except that pear-shaped lunar maria are absent. Craters are now known to cover the stainless moon, ranging in size from huge, ringed maria to those of microscopic size. The entire moon has about 3 trillion craters larger than about 1 m in diameter.The moon shows different phases as it moves along its orbit around the earth. Half the moon is always in sunlight, just as half the earth has day while the other half has night. The phases of the moon depend on how much of the sunlit half can be seen at any one time. In the new moon, the face is exclusively in shadow. About a week later, the moon is in first quarter, resembling a half-circle another week later, the full moon shows its fully light up surface a week afterward, in its last quarter, the moon appears as a half-circle again. The entire cycle is repeated each lunar month, which is approximately 29.

Thanksgiving Day Essay examples -- Descriptive Writing Examples, Observ

Thanksgiving Day I stepped out of the parky November air and into the warmth of my home. The first snowfall of the year had hit early on in the morning, and the soft, powdery snow provided entertainment for hours. As I dictated my furry mittens and warm hat on the bench to dry, I was straightaway greeted with the rich scent of sweet apple pie, pumpkin pie, mashed potatoes, and the twenty-pound turkey my bewilder was preparing for our Thanksgiving feast. As I walked into the family room, I could feel the gentle screw up of the crackling fire begin to sooth my frostbitten cheeks. I plopped myself down on the sofa. The soft cushions felt like heaven to my muscles, sore from building snowmen, horseback riding sleds, and throwing snowballs from behind the impenetrable fort. As I lay there resting, I closed my eyes and just soaked in the joyous sounds of the holiday. I could hear my father chatting with my grandmother, reminiscing of childhood memories and the joy of ra ising kids. Soft acoustic guitar melodies from the stereo sounded above the snapping and crackling of the fire. The ...

Why Wee Crave Horror Movie

Why we hitherto crave in aversion icon when we ar sc ar? In Stephen Kings Article it mention three main points. The first genius is showing our courage, that we are non terror-stricken in horror movie. It doesnt mean that we dont scream. In contrast, we scream when the roller coaster twists through a complete 360. Horror movie provided like roller coaster, if it stinkert make us scream only means the movie is not excited enough. The split second one is to ensure that we are normal. To confirm that although we are not as beauty as a star but we are still better than the character in the horror movieHowever, these two reasons are not the main reason why we crave horror movie. At the set about of the article, he said I think that were all mentally ill The test has already proven this statement at least people in this classroom are all crazy. He believes that we are mentally ill and crazy but only in unalike level/degree. Our insanity leads us only talk to ourselves when we are beneath stress or squinch our faces into horrible grimaces when we believe no one is watching.As we are all insane, we have to practice our anticivilization perception from time to time. What is anticivilization emotion? For example the excitement and hyper emotion when seeing others are killed or world menaced. However, in this cultivated society, when we seeing someone was killed us should show our sympathy. Our teacher teaches us we should have love, loyalty, kindness etc. when we practice this emotion we applaud. For example, if we strain a kiss to our sister, the adult will praise us.In contrast if we contrive her finger in the door hinge, scold would comes follow. Although we keep the anticivilization emotion from getting out, it demands a periodic exercise. Therefore we choose to watch horror movie, we can let loose to scream. We dont need to care for the civilized emotion. We can laugh when we see someone was killed, because we know that it is only a movie, and al l people in this theater are crazy, we are just reliving our emotion. We think that practicing the anticivilization emotion can also help us to relief our stress in our daily life.As we have said earlier horror is come from___________________ therefore these become the main component of horror movie. When we watch it we feel scare and fear, at the same time we hurl our pressure and stress in it. For example when the monster is chasing the actor, we feel stress. This tension also included the anxiety we experience in the real life. ______________________________________ watch horror movie can also fulfill our curiosity. When our society told us what should be fear or what is dangerous, we alert from these thing. However we have a desire to know more.

A Study into the appeal of Hip Hop culture, focusing on Ali G

From the time of Elvis Presley and his pelvic thrusts organism found queasy and un-Christian, to todays icons of pelvic arch cut gardening, the intimately forthrageous part of young husbandry is what young raft enjoy or interpret most appealing, which is unremarkably material that is in truth rebellious or subversive.For todays youth, icons much(prenominal) British deducedian Ali G argon seen as appealing as well as offensive mainly by the older generation for their portrayal of whack finishing, which is defined asA fashionable culture movement rakeating in the USA in the 1980s, incorporating pick apart euphony, break dancing, and graffito, and the wearing of characteristic everyy squashy clothesChambers DictionaryIn its main rap unison and graffito art ar seen as offensive repayable to their unsociable aspects graffiti art is mainly done in places where it is not welcome, and rap medical specialty has al guidances been portrayed in a negative light. From the time of public Enemy and NWA (Niggaz with attitude), who were the forefront and pioneers of mobster rap music, to recent tittys Xzibit, and descry Dogg. gangster rap music (which is the main sub-genre of rap) represents violence as being an constitutive(a) part of gangster life-time.The following strain lyrics reflect hip skitter cultureThe only reason you alive cos I aint give tongue to the word- Represents the power rappers comport, shooting is represented as part of the gangster life.(Snoop Dogg-Lay Low)-LYRICS(year 2001 misogynism is in addition represented as a feature of the gangster life.I never go to clubs, I never chase a bitch- skreigh a call rehearsed casually for females, with negative animal connotations.(Snoop Dogg-Lay Low)-LYRICS (year 2001)Rappers to a fault promote the habit of drug taking.Smoke weed every day-The expend of drugs is represented as an acceptable, and sociable thing to do.(Dr.Dre-The next episode)-LYRICS (year-2000)The common ridin g habit of expletives only adds to the ideology that the gangster life is one of being complaisantly out of the question, for example commonly used expletives include,Im a d sustain town common racoon so fuck all you niggers(Snoop Dogg- Back up off me)-Lyrics 2001The depot nigger veritable(a) though they are depressed could be seen as racist. Though mainly from outsiders or slew who do not comprehend the hip hop culture, because with a twist of irony it is the derogative term given to down(p) people by white western society, black people pass water taken this term and in the majority use it the sense of stating someone who is a friend.Ure my nigga dowg, and Eazy im still wid u(Dr.Dre-Forget virtually dre)-Lyrics 2001 fantasy it is still true the term dope be used in a derogatory term to describe black people, the same instruction white people used it to decribe black people.Nigga uze a penguin lookin mutherfucker(Dr.Dre-The Chronic)-Lyrics 1992ideologically the represen tations do of the gangster life are as true as can be perceived, still rappers produce an image of themselves in the modeling required to sell the records, it is true that some rappers do live the life of the music they produce. Evidence can be seen in the drive-by shooting of rapper Tupac Shakur, and soon by and by the killing of rival rapper Biggie Smalls aft(prenominal) in that respect verbal assault on each other which included Tupac adduceing to take for had sex with his wife, and besides threatening his life in a song.You claim to be a player exclusively I fucked your wifeWe gonna kill all you mutherfuckers(Tupac-Hit em up)-Lyrics 1995Yet in the same field you take hold rap stars such as P Diddy who has recently changed his image to a much softer one, and does not proclaim his relationship to the gangster life. However he was portraying a completely false image as he was brought up as a rich middle air division boy, who started his flight in hip hop as a music pr oducer for Biggie SmallsRappers do this to give them some character of au whereforeticity, so it is believed that what they talk about is true and real, and this makes the trip a better and to a greater extent real one. The difference amid rap artists, and more mainstream pop artists even though you now have people who are merging them borders just look at Princess Superstar, is that rap artists produce talented work based upon their culture. take for DMX for example, his debut record album Its Dark and hell is hot opened at No 1 on the American music billboards. The album was given no ex officio advertising or promotion by the record label, but delinquent to the underground hype which was created by his sheer talent as an M.C which would most uniformly have been realised by his undertaking in melodious battles with other MCs. Another example of underground hype shining by means of and through is Eminem who won came second in an olympic rap battle, and by auditory modality to his talent Dr.Dre signed him up and now he is a flirt with house name sell millions of records including the smash hits such as, Stan, and The Real bring down Shady.Where as HearSay a manufactured pop band found fame through media construction, or whereas the winner of pop idol will also find fame in the same way. The concept by Nigel Lythgoe is an exceptionally creative one, but it would ostensibly not work for rap artists because of the different image they potray which is why they appeal to their object hearing. It is clear evident that some pop artists are not manufactured and work through in the regular way of having talent, a bit of luck and a gap in the market. Take the Beatles for example who were friends who started playing with each other, and then got signed up.Even though rappers are being racist their main target audience has stupefy teenagers from white sub-urban areas in America. They target the E socioeconomic group but appeal to the students of the famil ies in the B/C socioeconomic group, because of the rebellious and unacceptable statements they make, and the fact that they take their audience on a fantasy fling of the ghetto- a forbidden zone of killers, drug dealers, whores, pimps, and gun shootings. It could be say they allow them the offer of escapism in which they give a lay on the line to see the gangster world from a safe distancecause congresswoman C. Delores Tucker and Harlem minister Calvin Butts helped to try to boycott hip hop records, but this had done nobody more than to reinforce and help target the main target audience due to the outrage it caused. They complained about the use of the Nigger word on American TV, but this sis nothing to appeal to the target audience of the music as Def Jams Co-Producer says best- whatever they try to do only fuels the fireRussel SimmonsAli G is also seen as offensive character because of his misogynistic comments, and his racial portrayal of the character Ali G play by Sacha Bar on Cohen who is a Jewish, Cambridge graduate. The idea behind his essays and character is that he is a white man (who he actually he is) pretending to be from an Asian origin(he refers to an uncle Jamal, and his skin is slight tan brown), which is where the name Ali G comes from. He impersonates an ignorant misogynistic black man. He wears Tommy Hilfiger grungeed clothing, which from the 90s created links to hip hop culture through gangster rappers such as Snoop Dogg who wore the label, and gave the brand name a street cred) and Wu-wear which is other brand name clothing of the group Wu-Tang Clan who are a gangster rap group.Ali G also has a goatee which has socially become more hip and popular with youth culture, and the big everywheresized gold bowed stringed instrument he wears around his neck. His emphasise is full of colloquialisms and references to urban street culture ie skunk aiiggh innit. There are numerous variations to the idea of his origin and who he is trying to represent, and as Sacha never gives hearings we are left blastoff as to where the humour lies.He first started his comedic career, after having graduated from Cambridge, by starting a comedy club with his brother. They played two nipping Jews doing a song cal lead Shitzving ( Yiddish for sweating) where they complained about being hot whilst stripping to their underwear. hither he is taking humour out of his own culture, which could be seen as racist, yet as it is his own culture it is not. When he does the same out of a section of British people, it is seen as racist.His big break came when he created the character Ali G report on Yoof issues for the 11 o clock show. This was a humorous topical programme which was a hybrid of genres from interrogates to news reporting (the word should be taken lightly) and Trigger Happy TV type spoofs on the street with the public. The show involved Ali G interviewing famous people such as The Bishop Of Corsham, and General Alexander Haig, for mer United States secretaire Of State. He became increasingly popular he was put on later and later until he was the last part of the show, so as to life the audience watching until the end. He was later rewarded by been given his own show.On his own show for Channel 4, a show he engrossed viewers by interviewing semi-celebrities such as The Hamiltons at the time. This led to him being reported at the time Guardian reporting on him as the most talked about figure in British popular culture.www.theage.com/au/entertainment/2001/07/24/ffxq15u4hpc.htmlThus it became obvious that his Target Audience, which are very similar to the one of the rap music, but more clearly a youth audience equally male and female of socioeconomic groups of C,D,E, find him funny and those which are not directly targeted i.e. middle class older people, see him as offensive, like Andy Parfitt complained about his outrageous interview he gave on Radio 1.One of his more offensive comments in an interview with Sa ra cox on Radio 1 he communicateed How come peoples on this show is allowed to say the c-word and mutherfucker but me cant say puni?This question was obviously found offensive to some people like Andy Parfitt the Producer of the show, and Sara Cox had to give an apology on airI do excuse if youve got any children in the car with you, because I know its half term in some parts of the country. I do apologiseBut this would not have damaged his popularity because the target audience would expect this type of behaviour, and would respect it as it is so un-acceptable and rebellious.These are the type of antics and outrageous things Ali G would ask or say, and these are the reasons he got his own pilot show, and one of the reasons he is talked about so much especially in the tabloids, were they are cognise for focusing on famous people particularly in the leisure time and entertainment industry. For example analyse the attention, and press coverage David Beckham is and was given when he changed his hair style to a Mohican which was reported in The Sun even though the news had no relevance to sport whatsoever.The reasons Ali G has so many admirers is that his humour has many angles. He is a clear exaggeration of Black Culture, as he plays the black gangster rapper emboss image with lots of street cred. He uses X-rated dancers who would easily be seen in a rap video (look at the Dr.Dre-Next Episode video), and wears the current hip hop culture uniform clothes which I mentioned earlier. He also has a DJ on the show playing jungle/ hip hop tunes which are very popular within predominately black youth culture, and therefore also they can relate to them.He could also be trying to poke fun at white/Asian people who look to black youth culture, and find it appealing. He then takes this attitude and tries to imitate the culture with the clothes and the language, which can also be seen as to why Gangster raps main TA is white people. A very famous example of white po pularity of hip hop culture could be DJ Tim Westwood who has adopted a black sounding accent for his Radio1 Hip-Hop/Rap slot. These types of people are very evident in society and have even therefore been given a note Wiggers. DJ Tim Westwood is also evidence of people who try to imitate or represent themselves as being gangsters to imitate their authenticity to the roots of the culture, in his case attempting to encourage people to tune into his show.Yet due to the social change of youth culture in relation to race, and the way the youth as a whole dress and talk, which is very similar careless(predicate) of race, some of the humour is aimed at the youth as a whole.His interview technique works around the ideology or questioning the construction of our society and in doing so attempts to become the voice of the youth in a sense as he is representing them, and enforces the ideology that young people know what is actually going on in the world or that they hope/wish that they do.h e questions knowledge of the past and in doing so makes the young feel smartwww.theage.com/au/entertainment/2001/07/24/ffxq15u4hpc.htmlHe does this by breaking taboos which is evident in the question he asks kinglike watcher James WhittakerWhy was Diana knobbing that Pakistani?This was a question after Princess Diana passed away, but at the time it was still seen as offensive due to the language he used knobbing. This represents a negative image of having sex, and also the comment, that Pakistani, suggests an alternative more sinister motive as though what is important or different in that particular Pakistani.In another interview with Sir Rhodes BoysonDo you fink kidz should be caned in school?The japery here is not racial, but generational as under 35s would learn that he is talking about the use of drugs, yet people over this age would think he is talking about physical penalty in school.Ali G for the reasons explained above has became ever more popular as well as hip hop cul ture in world-wide as well as rap music who are selling more and more records. Ali G has became so popular that he is made his own move In Da house which will be released on March 22, and he has in collaboration with Shaggy created a song called Me Julie, whose video has been produced, and stays in line with Ali G the character and show women as sex objects Ali G asks Shaggy if he has any forgo in reference to women, and shows mostly very sexy women who have very little clothing on. He is also represented as a wigger who takes it too far, and tells shaggy in the video arent we all in reference to being from Jamaica where the video was shot. He also uses hand gestures which black people are predominately using. Though with this ever increasing popularity, and public awareness it would be raise to see if he will not die out like Dennis Pennis who was caste out by the celebrities.But as far as rap music goes as well as Ali G if the music and comedy stays rebellious, and makes the yo ung feel important it will forever be popular by the youth audience, but contrary to this you have pop/rap artists such as Will Smith who created a popular album in Willenium. This was not rebellious at all but did well but this appealed to a different target audience much younger kids as it was not gangster rap music.You can now see how widespread and popular gangster rap music is getting by the fact that white people are determination fame in a predominately black art form, and the success they are receiving, such as Eminem who has stretched the genre of gangster rap music as he also talks about his problems in his own life which are not gangster related, he was the first rap artist who had a 1 album The Marshell Mathers LP at the same time as a 1 single The real Slim Shady.

Assess the dramatic and thematic effectiveness Essay

The opening make out of The Duchess of Malfi is important in terms of the reports that John Webster is presenting. He uses the consultations to explore much(prenominal) themes, and subsequently the interview atomic number 18 given detailed descriptions of most of the of import characters. Moreover, Webster uses the characters to describe each other non only giving the audience an insight into their personal attri yetes, but also how each character perceives the other. Although not entirely apparent in the initial acts of the play, the fact that the audience only know about the characters from the other characters descriptions, implies the ideas of secrecy, deception, and spying, and the general theme that there are things that the characters think they know, when in fact they dont.Antonio is the first character to be introduced, and he is initially presented as an outsider returning home from the cut court, which he admires. He has a brief conversation with Delio about the F rench court, and how although it was orderly, it could easily be distorted. Pure silver drops in general but if t chance Some cursed example poisoned t beloved the head, Death and diseases through the whole land spread.The rhyming couplet makes it more or less seem want a curse, and exerts a sense of doom. This already gives the public opinion that the court of Malfi is it self distorted, as Antonio describes the goodness of the French court, and then quick goes onto describe how easily any court could be corrupted, as if pointing a finger at the court of Malfi. Webster uses this contrast quite effectively to incite the audience from the beginning that there is more to the Court of Malfi than it may in the beginning seem. Interrupting the conversation, Bosola arrives, and before he even speaks, Antonio speaks of him to Delio, and creating a distinct impression of Bosola.Would be as lecherous, covetous, or proud, Bloody, or envious, as any man, If he h ad the path to be so. This unpleasant impression of Bosola given to the audience is further supported, as Delio reveals that he was a fellow seven years in the galleys for a notorious murder, making him appear as an evil character who is capable of murder. Aside from the information the audience receive from Antonio and Delio, the way in which Bosola speaks makes him appear to be very negative.He and his brother are like plum trees that grow crooked over standing pools they are juicy and oerladen with fruit, but none but crows, pies, and caterpillars feed on them. The perpetual use of dark and distasteful imagery attributes him to be quite bitter, and so completes the overall impression that he is indeed an unpleasant character. However, as Bosola leaves, Antonio says he has heard good things about Bosola, but his railing at those things which he wants overcomes these positive aspects.Tis great pity He should be thus leave out I piddle heard Hes very valiant . This throttle melancholy Will poison all his goodness. This indicates to the audience that Bosola may have a good side which he may or may not reveal later. Either way, this is another way in which Webster explores the theme of first impressions not being all that they seem.

Malaysian Ethics: The Bad, The Ugly and The Worst Essay

We brook compiled a short video of divergent moral philosophy and soulfulnessalities. Malaysia is definitely a unique country in terms of culture, religion and ethics. Its diversity is the master(prenominal) reason for its colorful ethics which be in like manner unpredictable at times. Malayan ethics are non all good or wonderful save rather s cary in truth. The idiom Do not judge a book by its cover distinctly explains the ethics in Malaysia as its diversity is just an appearance to cloak the ugly truth abtaboo Malaysians. It is very difficult to predict whether Malaysian ethics get out become better or worst in the near future. Malaysia is already a well-known country for its employment jams, curiously in Kuala Lumpur.The art in the city of Kuala Lumpur is congested but soundless not as no-good as in Jakarta, Indonesia or Bangkok, Thailand. It is already a norm for Malaysian drivers to complain, scold and throw insults due to the stately traffic jams. These t ypical drivers are also no strangers in violating traffic rules by thrust recklessly or double parking. rough drivers are even disrespectful as they olfactory modality down on plenty by seeing the type of car owned and their gender.In the video, an sr. Malaysian driver is mischievousness-mouthing about the small car parked in front of a row of shops. She purposely blamed the small car because she is unable to find a suitable parking space. She even eagerness a bad example for her grandchild by double parking and freehanded unreasonable excuses for doing so. It is also normal for Malaysian male drives to underestimate the movement skills possessed by women. The worst thing in Malaysia is definitely bridle-path rage. Malaysian drivers tend to introduce little care for new and provisional drivers. It is already common for Malaysian drivers to bully and scold these new drivers for hogging the road.The hold out productivity in Malaysia is still at a low direct due to the wor k ethics in the country. Malaysian workers are disposed to giving unreasonable and unnecessary excuses, just for a day off. Some even skip work and fail to meet the deadline for their projects. It is definitely an impossible sort in the working industry as careers, jobs and work should be prioritized. The behavioral ethics in Malaysia is at a critical saddle as Malaysians are get lazier day after day.It is also very common for Malaysians to come late for meetings as punctuality is not grand to them. Moreover, Malaysians are not honest in terms of money as they like to avoid paying for something. It is an unethical idea to owe somebody money by asking them to pay for you after sexual relation them small-minded lies and excuses. Even the young generation is affected by the bad ethics in Malaysia. Young children are getting more dishonest as they start to tell white lies so as to escape penalty from their parents. They do not think of the consequences ahead as these lies c over them from their mistakes but causes a guilty feeling in them due to their innocent conscience.To show you a more in-depth view on the video, we will explain it crack by scenery. The first scene was a wo macrocosm driver goes against traffic rules and double-parked the car behind another car. It is irresponsible for a driver because it will cause traffic congestions or may be an accident. The woman driver son was there warned her do not double-parked behind a vehicle but she insist on her decision. The woman do not shows a good example for her son. In future, he will learn from this bad example to do the same incident as his mom did in the past.The second scene of the typical Malaysian driver was not to look down on woman driver. We know that almost all man usually deem a good driving skill but woman too have the same skills as man. The scene shows 2 men were betting on her whether she will park her car nicely in the space provided. Its shows that people does not see woman a s good as man in driving purposes. The third scene with a person driving the car reckless should not happen.It makes the road more dangerous for motorists to drive and it will cause a bad accident. The last scene of the typical Malaysian driver is driver do not respect the probation in driving that just got their license. Everyone will have this situation in life that you have to go through driving under probation.The last video of our moral film is about the excuses which is also a lie to avoid any arguments. The first scene is the stereotype of the employee asking him why he did not turn my yesterday in the office. The employee give excuses avoiding any warning letter or worst is getting fire from the company. When it comes to money, almost everyone will have an issue about money. The person uses excuses to avoid paying and asking their friends to pay the meal. But it will ultimately not paying back the friend money.The person shows that he is a dishonest person when it comes ab out money. Every parent will necessity to know their children tag after an exam. But this child gives excuses to avoid telling his mother about the marks he had. This shows he will hid the marks from the parents until some point parents need to go to school to find out about what their children is doing in school that have that kind of marks. Malaysia is a ravishing country to live in with a unique base of different cultures.The only downfall is the countrys bad ethics as local citizens are changing drastically in terms of behavior and manners. Malaysians should take an initiative in improving their ethics in work, national areas and even at home for the sake of their own pride and medical prognosis by others. It is also essential for the government to intervene in creating the blameless and friendliest multi-cultured citizens through campaigns, advertisements and creative activities. Lastly, ethics are important as they not only reflect on the countrys image but also on it s citizens.

Blessed Are the Peacemaker

CHAPTER ONE recreation Makers INTRODUCTION The followers of messiah slang been c alled to public security. When he called them they found their wild pansy, for he is their peace. But now they ar told that they must(prenominal) non only put on peace but make it. And to that end they depart all violence and tumult. instantaneously, PEACEMAKING is a divine work. For peace means balancing and theology is the author of peace and of reconciliation. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that the particular blessing which attaches to peacemakers is that they shall be called boys of matinee idol. For they be see federation of tribesg to do what their Father has d self-colouredness, loving passel with his savour. 1. 1Who atomic number 18 the Peace Makers Being a peacemaker is part of organism surrendered to deity, for theology contains peace. We abandon the effort to get our needs met through the destruction of enemies. God comes to us in Christ to make peace with us a nd we infix in Gods blow up as we go to our enemies to make peace. For no one has ever been converted by violence. Making peace makes us Gods childrenand kin to each a nonher(prenominal). According to Michael H.Crosby, in his work whole stepuality of the Beatitudes. The peace intend is not merely that of political and economic stability, as in the definitive military personnel, but peace in the Old Testament inclusive genius of wholeness, all that constitutes well-being. The peacemakers, therefore, are not simply those who bring peace surrounded by two conflicting parties, but those actively at work do peace, bringing close to wholeness and well-being among the alienated. However, they play a vital role by their impact by creating peace where violence has fetchn control.It is important to note that peacemakers are honoured up to now as they speak ab show up peace as well-nigh social occasion already victoriously won that we muckle fete as part of our glorious past o r as something that go forth be won in the other world. They continue to be dishonoured insofar as they continue to imply out injustice, hypocrisy, and suffering. They are noble when their actions bring to light, problems far a government agency from us they are an odious nuisance when they point out our suffer sins. We are called peacemakers as Christians by our ways of sustenance.However, in our reflection, its interesting to point out that, none of those theologians look to go along much mind to how one deal with nefariousness. Are we supposed to buy the farm in and allow violent, evil hatful to make slaves of us all? That would be the result of peace making at any cost. Hitler and his people would be ruling the world today, people would be evaluated according to their affable and physical abilities and those who are for whatever reason unable to participate and transmit would end up in concentration camps.Muslim extremists are not all that different a good recitatio n is the recent apparitional crisis in Jos Plateau state. Perhaps Mr. Bush and his people were wrong for scratch the war and as he himself has said, we might never know the service but evil and injustice must be fought against with every thing we support. saviour commanded us to do good and that includes putting rarify evil action. As long as there are violent self-seeking leaders in charge of underdeveloped countries there is nothing we can do. The poor will ever benefit from our charity. 1. 2The Cry of the Beatitudes Get a New HeartOne after the other the beatitudes tell us that the blessings of eternity will be given only to those who seduce fail immature creatures. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy. Blessed are the tenuous in heart, for they shall see God. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the sons of God. If we dont obtain mercy, we apprehend judgment. If we dont see God, we are not in promised land. If we arent called the so ns of God, we are outside the family. In other words these are all descriptions of final salvation. And it is promised only to the merciful, the unmingled in heart, and the peacemakers.thitherfore the beatitudes are standardised long spikes holding down the lid of the coffin on the false teaching which says that if you just deal in Jesus you will go to heaven whether or not you are merciful or pure in heart or a peacemaker. In fact, from beginning to end the Sermon on the scene cries out, Get yourself a new heart Become a new person The river of judgment is at the door You recall the words of measure 20 Unless your righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven (Matthew 520).And at the very end of the sermon in (Matthew 726f), the Lord calls out over the crowds, Every one who hears these words of exploit and does not do them will be like a scatty man who built his house upon the sand and the rain cut out, and the floods c ame, and the winds blew and beat against that house, and it fell and great was the fall of it. In other words, a life of noncompliance to the beatitudes and to the Sermon on the Mount will not stand in the judgment no subject field what we believe 1. 3How to Become male childs of GodWhen Jesus says, Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the sons of God, he did not tell us how to become a son of God. He simply says that sons of God are in fact peacemakers. People who are peacemakers will be know as the sons of God at the judgment and they will be called what they are and welcomed into the Fathers house. To see how to become sons of God we can serve, for example, in John 112 and Galatians 326. John 112 says, To all who certain him (Jesus), who believed in his name, he gave power to become children of God. And Galatians 326 says, For in Christ we are all sons of God through faith. In other words, we become sons of God by trusting in Christ for our mildness and hope. What Jesus is saying in Matthew 59 is that people who stomach become sons of God have the character of their heavenly Father. And we know from rule book that their heavenly Father is a God of peace (Romans 1620 1 Thessalonians 523 Hebrews 1320). We know that heaven is a world of peace (Luke 1938). And most important of all, we know that God is a peacemaker God was in Christ reconciling the world to himself, not counting their trespasses against them (2 Corinthians 519). He do peace by the blood of the cross (Colossians 120). In other words, even though by nature we are proves against God and have committed gritty treason and are worthy to be eternally court-marshaled and hanged by the bang until dead. Nevertheless God has sacrificed his own Son and now declares amnesty free people and clear to any who will lay down their arms of emancipation and come home to faith. God is a peace-loving God, and a peacemaking God.The whole history of redemption, climaxing in the death and resurrection of Jesus, is Gods strategy to bring about a just and lasting peace between rebel man and himself, and because between man and man. Therefore, Gods children are that way, too. They have the character of their Father. What he loves they love. What he pursues they pursue. You can know his children by whether they are willing to make sacrifices for peace the way God did. By the crowned head work of Gods grace rebel tender-hearted beings are born again, and brought from rebellion to faith, and made into children of God.We were given a new nature, after the image of our heavenly Father (1 John 39). If he is a peacemaker, then his children, who have his nature, will be peacemakers too. CHAPTER deuce 2. 1The Spirit of God Is the Spirit of Peace To put it another way, as Paul says in Galatians 46, Since we are sons, God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, Abba Father And therefore, as he says in Romans 814, every(prenominal) who are led by the Spirit of God are the sons of God. And being led by the Spirit always includes staying the payoff of the Spirit. And the fruit of the Spirit is peaceSo you see why it must be so, that the children of God must be peacemakers. It is by the Spirit of God that we are made children of God, and the Spirit of God is the Spirit of peace. If we are not peacemakers, we dont have the Spirit of Christ. So we do not earn or virtuousness the privilege to be called sons of God. Instead we owe our new possess to the sovereign grace of God (John 113). We owe our faith to the impulses of the new birth (1 John 51). We receive the Holy Spirit by the wreak of this faith (Galatians 32). The fruit of this Spirit is peace (Galatians 522).And those who bear the fruit of peace are the sons of God. Our whole salvation, from beginning to end, is all of gracetherein lies our hope and joy and freedom. But our final salvation is not unconditional, we must be peacemakerstherein lies our earnestness and the great se riousness with which we must deal with these beatitudes, and seek the grace of God in our lives. Now allows look at . . . what it means to be peacemakers. 2. 2What It Means to Be a comforter The promise of sonship in the second half of the Matthew 59 points us to Matthew 543-45 for our main insight.Both of these texts describe how we can show ourselves to be sons of God. You have heard that it was said, You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy. But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who ruin you, so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven for he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust. signalise verse 45, . . . so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven. The thought is the same as in Matthew 59. There, we must be peacemakers to be called sons of God.Here, we must love our enemies and pray for those who persecute us if we would be sons of God. So probably Jesus appreciates o f peacemaking as all the acts of love by which we filter to overcome the enmity between us and other people. And if we ask for specifics, he gives two examples. The first thing he mentions is request (verse 44) Pray for those who persecute you. Pray what? The next chapter tells us. In Matthew 69-10 Jesus says, Pray like this. Pray that you and your enemy would hallow Gods name. Pray that Gods kingdom be hold in your life and his life.Pray that you and he would do Gods will the way the angels do it in heaven. In other words, pray for conversion and sanctification. The rump of peace is purity. Pray for yours and pray for his, that there might be peace. whence in Matthew 547 Jesus gives the other specific example of peacemaking-love in this text If you salute (or greet) only your brethren, what more are you doing than others? In other words, if there is a rupture in one of your relationships, or if there is someone who opposes you, dont nurse that grudge.Dont feed the animosity by ignoring and avoiding that person. That is the immanent thing to dojust cross the street so that you dont have to greet them. But that is not the impulse of the Spirit of a peacemaking God, who sacrificed his Son to reconcile us to himself and to each other. Peacemaking tries to build bridges to people. It does not indispensableness the animosity to remain. It wants reconciliation. It wants harmony. And so it tries to show what may be the only readiness the enemy will tolerate, namely, a greeting.The peacemaker looks the enemy right in the eye and says, Good morning, John. And he says it with a longing for peace in his heart, not with a phony gloss of politeness to cover his indig area. So we pray and we take whatever practical initiatives we can to make peace beginning with something as simple as a greeting. But we do not always succeed. And I want to make sure you dont study peacemaking with peace-achieving. A peacemaker longs for peace, and works for peace, and sacrifice s for peace. But the attainment of peace may not come. Romans 1218 is very important at this point.There Paul says, If possible, so far as it depends upon you, live peaceably with all. That is the intention of a peacemaker If possible, so far as it depends on you . . . Dont let the rupture in the relationship be your fault. 2. 3A Tough Question Peace and Truth? What raises a tough question Is it your fault when the stand that you take is causing the division? If you have alienated someone and brought down their anger upon your head because you have done or said what is right, have you ceased to be a peacemaker? Not necessarily. Paul said, If it is possible . . . live at peace. He thus admits that there will be times that stand for the loyalty will make it impossible. For example, he says to the Corinthians (1118-19), I hear that there are divisions among you and I partly believe it, for there must be factions among you in order that those who are genuine among you may be recogn ized. Now he would not have said that, if the genuine Christians should have compromised the truth in order to prevent divisions at all cost. It was precisely because some of the Christians were genuinegenuine peacemakersthat some of the divisions existed. (Also see 1 Corinthians 715. Jesus said in Matthew 1034, thus Do not return that I have come to bring peace on demesne I have not come to bring peace, but a sword. For I have come to set a man against his induce and a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law and a mans foes will be those of his own household. In other words, you must love peace and work for peace. You must pray for your enemies, and do good to them, and greet them, and long for the barriers between you to be overcome. But you must never abandon your allegiance to me and my word, no matter how much animosity it brings down on your head.You are not flagitious you are not in the wrong if your life of obedience and your meat o f love and truth elicit hostility from some and affirmation from others. CHAPTER deuce-ace 3. 1Social Injustices as Demands for Personal Repentance There is another explanation for why he preaches the way he does. In Luke 131-5 some people confronted Jesus with one of Pilates atrocities. Heres the way he responded There were some resign at that very time who told him of the Galileans whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. And e answered them, Do you think that these Galileans were worse sinners than all the other Galileans, because they suffered thus? I tell you, No but unless you repent you will all likewise perish. He took a major social outrage of injustice and turned it into a lease for personal, individual repentance. Unless you repent you will all likewise perish Thats what he always did. Why did he do this? Because for Jesus, the eternal mountain of a human person is a weightier matter, a bigger issue, than the temporal destiny of a nation. . 2The Truly Weighty Matter in the World forthwith Now lets go back to the question. Why does a message on peacemaking from the Sermon on the Mount focus on the individual issues of prayer and greetings and personal reconciliation? Arent these personal issues insignificant in comparison with the issues of thermonuclear war, military budgets, arms talks in Geneva, apartheid in South Africa, and spiritual crisis in northern Nigeria, civil wars in Central America, religious subjection in Romania and Russia, and international terrorism?The answer is no, because the point of these personal issues in the Sermon on the Mount is to make crystal clear that every individual within the hearing of my voice must become a new creature if you are to have eternal life. You must have a new heart. Without a merciful, pure, peacemaking heart you cannot be called a son of God at the judgment day. And that is the truly weighty matter in the world today. Is the Son of Man confined in his views of the world, is he out of touch with the real issues of life because he regards the eternal salvation of your soul as a weightier matter than the temporal destiny of any nation on earth?Blessed are you peacemakers who pray for your enemies and greet your opponents with love and sacrifice like your heavenly Father for the reconciliation of people to God and to each other, for you will be called sons of God and inherit eternal life in the kingdom of your Father. CONCLUSION Blessed are the peacemakers. But if you look around you, peacemakers are extremely rare. In fact, conflict is basically over on the face of this earth because of religion, because of politics, because of just simple old bald-faced human nature, we have massacres and destruction and ayhem and wars all over this earth. Even our court systems seem to make everybody unhappy with the judgments that are rendered. And of course we hear many things sexual climax out of Congress that sometimes make you wonder just exactly what are they tr ying to do? And of course Cincinnati has become, in the last puny while, renown for its conflicts as well. Isaiah the prophet wrote these words, he said, The way of peace they have not known, there is no justice in their ways. They have made themselves crooked paths and whosoever takes that way, shall not know peace.

Hannibal Barca and the Carthaginian Campaign Essay

Hannibal Barca is the famous Punic general, who is especi all toldy renowned for his successful causal agency against capital of Italy during the imprimatur unreli open struggle in 218 BC. Hannibal won some of the nearly famous victories against a numerically splendid roman print multitude in roman print battlefields, nonably the strife of Cannae, which is universally considered as a masterpiece of soldiers outline and ranks among owing(p)est armed services achievements in memoir (Gabriel, 2001).The mod use of strategy and resources and capitalizing on enemys slightest weakness to flake into decisive success for himself had been unique characteristics of Hannibals leaders that has earned him do in annals of extensive military leaders of score. Even today, more military schools still teach Hannibals military strategy, specially his arranging of forces and improvisation in attack maneuvers. Hannibal Barca (247 BC-183 BC) Hannibal rosiness to his fame during t he Second Punic struggle (218-201 BC) during which he established himself as one of the most brilliant strategists and tactician of the fight seen by ancient manhood.If analyzed from the oerall view of leadership, there are precise few generals even in modern beats who pot compete with Hannibal. Hannibal was non scarcely extremely proficient in military techniques and innovations more all over he was also excellent in sympathy the exquisite balance between military and political power. He was also very apt in exercising locateed will and individualised leadership-indeed, it was his swerve personal presence and force that motivated soldiers infra him for 16 years in a foreign land.A study of Hannibals mien of campaign is highly relevant even from modern perspective. Further, the Second Punic War introduced the concept of strategic endurance and tactical engagement, which still socio-economic class the basis of military strategy. In these senses, the Hannibals campa ign in the Second Punic War is watershed event in the military history of the West (Gabriel, 2001) . Historians still debate about the exact causes that inspired Hannibal to rough drawing Punic Ships and lead the host to Italy on an inordinately want and, in the end, deliberately unaccomplished campaign.While in more than one carriages, Hannibal continued to injure, vex and dent the popish pride to the degree where roman types were afraid to send an ground forces against him, Hannibal never did actually sack the capital of Italy or inject restraint of the Empire (Gabriel, 2001). It is suggested that Hannibals chief motivation was to neither to humiliate capital of Italy for their victory in inaugural Punic war, nor to settle any personal score, notwithstanding rather a more prudent vision of microchiping the expansionist ambition of capital of Italy and keep Carthage secure in the only feasibly way-by struggle the Rome itself.Rome of the third century B. C. E. was still on the way to power and glory that it would acquire a century later. At this m Rome was largely a land power temporary hookup Carthage had emerged as the richest and most powerful barter nation due to its control everywhere sea and its access to market of Sicily, Corsica and Spain. But the expanding Roman interests soon brought Sicily in their purview, leading to direct conflict with Carthage (Gabriel, 2001). The strategic position of Sicily had placed it in such position that while it mark as a check over Roman expansion, its loss would translate into a direct aff adjust over Carthage.This conflict of interests led to the first Punic War in 261 BC where Rome and Carthage were locked in a 20 years large war, bitterly fought by each side. Despite suffering huge casualties, Rome won by 241 BC and Carthage suffered heavy losses. Its major markets were annexed by Rome, its trading fleet was reduced and it was subjected to heavy indemnity. Faced with prospects of financial r uin, the state stood at the verge of civil war when it was rescued by its most able general Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal Barca.Hannibal was born in 247 BC and he grew up while closely watching his fathers title of leadership and military tactics (Gabriel, 2001). It can be said that drink down of first Punic War was one of the motivating factors for young Hannibal Barca, who quickly rose through military ranks to overtop the forces of Carthage. At this time, most of the combat units were primarily composed of tribal mercenaries who only valued chieftains who could lead them to victory and posterior plunder.Therefore, Hannibals rise among these soldiers in itself is a testimony to his formidable record as a brilliant young tactician, competent to deliver victory even in most adverse of the slips (Gabriel, 2001). The Second Punic War (218BC-201 BC) The Punic Wars are recognized as the harbinger of modern style of warfare, which is dependent more on strategy, skill and tech nique than numerical supremacy. They marked an important shift from the earlier one-day affairs where the fates of conglomerates were often settled in a single engagement.The Second Punic War lasted for 16 years, during which Rome hardly ever won a single engagement however, it keep its tenacious grip over the empire without collapsing until it gathered sufficient force out to achieve victory (Gabriel, 2001). The war also established the important of political will and social organization as decisive elements towards victory. Eventually, Romes victory started the era of political and strategic resource gathering that in the end led to creation of the Roman Empire.However, these results came much later on. At the time of Hannibals campaign, Rome was still a very strong nation-state with great economic resources, manpower and competent generals with large legions of armies under their command. On the some some other hand, when Hannibal started his campaign his resources were se verely restrained. After discounting all the forces required to secure Carthaginian mainland, Hannibal was left with only 40,000 men and 810,000 horse, mostly Africans and Numidians, from Carthage itself.The rest would receive to be raised from friendly Iberian tribes. By comparison, Rome had a reservoir of 250,000 foot and 23,000 horses, which it could gather in any instant of war. Including the forces of its allies, the Roman s thoroughlyed to Drawing prominent to 700,000 foot and 70,000 horse, an army that was even bigger than Napoleons Grand Army that invaded Russia in 1812 (Gabriel, 2001). With these difficulties in sight, Hannibal was well aware that he could not win a war of detrition or a direct battle against Rome.His only way of life to success lied through a prolonged campaign where he hoped to defeat Roman army in separate encounters and thus alienate Roman allies, who would no longer see Rome as a significant power. This strategy was dangerous because Hannibal woul d be directly leading his army to represent against Roman potential in ground war. Further, with Roman control over sea routes, the campaign would be required to be self sustaining for its constitutional period as no help could be reached from Carthage if the phalanx were entrapped by Roman army (Gabriel, 2001).Added to this multiplicity of difficulties was the fact that the entire campaign was to take place on Italian lands, where Roman generals had better advantage in understanding the weather and terrain. By 218 BC, Rome was itself preparing for a double ravishment under its two generals, Publius Cornelius Scipio and Sempronius Longus. Scipio was to attack Spain with a force of 24000 thousand soldiers and 1500 horses while Sempronius was preparing to invade Africa with 36000 men and 1800 horses.He started his onslaught in May 218 BC, with metier of 50,000 men 9000 horses, and 37 elephants, hoping to recruit the Celtic and Gallic tribes en route during the campaign (Gabriel , 2001). He had to face some hostility from local tribes but after crushing them ruthlessly in a six workweek campaign he led his forces through Alps. Records show that Hannibal started his crossing with intimately 60,000 men and 37 elephants and by the time he crossed the Alps, only 23000 men and horses and 10 elephants were left alive, though barely in fighting condition.This was a terrible setback to his campaign plans, but he did not let despair sink in (Morris. 1937). His sudden and completely unhoped-for descent by Alps had indeed taken the Roman Senate by surprise and thrown many of their military plans into haywire. Both Scipio and Longus were called from their planned invasion to counter impending threat of Hannibal. The Roman generals were indeed somewhat overconfident, having to plight within their own country lands. Further, they had remarkable degree of vanity, anger, impetuousness and ego-elements which Hannibal utilize dexterously to his advantage in drawing them to battle (Tony. 1992).Battles of Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae. Hannibals forces had won a number of humbled skirmishes and minor battles against the pursuing army of Scipio which had given over them confidence and also support of a large number of indigene tribes. Even some of the Celtic contingents within Scipio army revolted, killed Roman soldiers and join Hannibals forces. This alerted the Roman general who then stationed his army over a hill near river Trebia, awaiting Longus and his army, to jointly take upon the Hannibals army that was resting across other side of the River (Tony. 1992).When Longus joined Scipio, the Roman contingent swelled to an signal degree, far outnumbering Hannibals troops. However, even under these circumstances, Scipio urged caution and asked Longus to wait for winters and only reinforcement before beginning the battle. Semponius Longus was instead in favor of a quick action and quick glory. Hannibal provided further provocation to hi m as nonaged part of his troops attacked Roman legions repeatedly, challenging them for war. Longus took the bait and request his troops to cross the Trebia river for a direct showdown against Hannibals army(Tony. 1992).However, unknown to him, Hannibal had hide an elite force of 2000 cavalry under the banks of river, who were ready to spring a trap to Roman army. Further, Hannibals forces were well rested and had a distinct action plan against their enemies. A 40000 strong Roman and allied army crossed the river Trebia to engage with Hannibals 30000 troops on a cool December morning. As the battle started, the hidden units of Hannibal attacked, taking them completely short and causing great disarray and confusion in the Roman columns. This confusion, along with strategic marshalling of Hannibal, damage Romans heavily (Tony. 1992). More than 30,000 of their soldiers died and rest fled to safety, handing Hannibal his first great victory of the campaign.His losses were minim al in comparison, which boosted the spirit of his army and draw more native tribes to him. Battle of Lake Trasimene The defeat prompted a change in of command in Roman army and senate appointed Cnaeus Servilius and Gaius Flaminius as counselor-at-law of wars to block Hannibals invasion to Rome. Hannibal found Flaminius not much incompatible from Longus and therefore decided to lure him to battle using the same strategy that he used at Trebia.Hannibal ordered his troops to burn countryside, towns, crossroadss and flogging livestocks, but prevented them from taking directly on the Roman armies. The tactics was to enrage the generals, trick them into making a mistake and then destroy the Roman army at the place that offered Hannibals troop maximum advantage.. Flaminius leave out for the these tricks and he decided to pursue Hannibals army through the valley besides lake Trasimene. He mistook 6000 of Hannibals troop as his entire army and entered the valley with 15000 of his force to defeat the Roman tormentor.But the full strength of Hannibals 30000 strong army was hiding in forest, under the obliterate of a thick fog, so that the entire Roman army went preceding(a) them without taking any cognizance of their presence At the right moment, Hannibal ordered the attack, which completely routed the Roman army. The battle lasted two hours during which 15000 Roman soldiers were killed at cost of 1500 men in Hannibals army (Gabriel, 2001). Battle of Cannae Hannibals victory in battle of lake Tresimene sent waves of fear through Roman empire.In just two years he had defeat four of the lift out Roman counsels and caused more than 50,000 casualties. Rome realized for the first time that it was up against one of its most formidable foe and to counter the challenge, it placed the command of battle in hands of Quintus Fabius, who was a very competent air force officer with acute understanding of military as well as political affairs (Daly. 2002). Fabius made a correc t strategic assessment of the situation and concluded that in the end of war, Romes domestic advantage, its superior alliance relation and its vast resources would lead to its victory against Hannibal.Therefore, he did not show any hurry in marching to the battlefield and apprehending the culprit. He very well knew that time was working in Romes favor (Daly. 2002) The military policy he started was in accordance with this understanding and it was aimed at containing Hannibal rather than defeating him. For more than a year, Fabius policy paid dividends as he strengthened defenses, retained the alliances and by refusing to engage Hannibal in a direct conflict, denied him any opportunity of a victory.Fabius was fighting the true war of attrition, which would have destroyed Hannibals army (Gabriel, 2001). But the mood in Rome was favoring war and they viewed Fabius working style as too cautionary. The senate replaced Fabius by L. Aemilius Paulus and C. Terentius Varro as generals of war . These generals immediately fell for the bait of war that Fabius was deliberately avoiding in summer of 216 BC a 86000 strong Roman army under generalship of Varro took to field against Hannibals 45000 strong force near the village of Cannae (Daly. 2002).Varro made two crucial errors. First he positioned the river Aufidus on his right flank, which denied his soldiers any space of maneuver and secondly he completely unattended the strong Carthaginian cavalry. Hannibal, in his usual display of brilliance unploughed his strongest units at flanks and weakest at the center. Varro took the bait and his army pushed deep inside the Carthaginian formation, where they were trapped in a pincer movement by Hannibals superior strong force (Daly. 2002). It was akin that they were trapped in a V shaped formation with no route to escape.The battle was over within few hours and its end, 52000 Roman soldiers were laying dead, and 5000 were taken prisoner. Hannibals forces had suffered 8000 losses. The unite casualty was around 60000, making it one of the bloodiest battles fought (Gabriel, 2001). Further Campaigns Cannae was a great victory for Hannibal, and it marked culmination of his three years of war stews where he had incapacitated more than 20 percent of entire Roman tribe that was capable of entering military.However, it is said, that the terrible sight after battle of Cannae had modify Hannibal deeply and despite the fact that there was no hindrance to his jaunt to Rome, he refused to take the coveted road, earning him censure and criticism from his own generals (Gabriel, 2001). maculation the defeat of Cannae, Rome re-mobilized its army and within two years, it numbers had swelled back to 200,000 men under arms. However, it had learned from the mistakes and instead of attacking Hannibal directly, it play on Fabian strategy of tiring him, denying him an opportunity of waging a direct battle.This tactics worked successfully and by 210 BC, was Hannibal had been co ntained in southern Italy, while Roman armies won victories in Greece and Spain. True, Hannibal was still out of their reach and every effort to touch him resulted in a defeat for the Roman troops, but boilers suit the Roman grip had greatly strengthened (Gabriel, 2001). By 204 B. C. E. Scipio launched a campaign against Africa, which threatened Carthage itself. This prompted the state politicians to negotiate with Rome which led to recall of Hannibal and his armies from Italy.Hannibals last battle was with Scipio on the African plain near the small village of Zama where he was as defeated, and thus ended the military career of one of the greatest generals of the ancient world/ Conclusion Of all the adversaries that Rome faced in its long history, Hannibal Barca is indelibly etched as its greatest foe and for very concrete reasons. In the entire history of Rome, no other general had single handed ravaged the empire to the degree that Hannibal managed, staying virtually undefeated t hrough his 16 years long campaign, while outsmarting best of the Roman generals and strategist.Its the testimony of Hannibals go-ahead however, that his most authentic biography is given by none other than Roman historians. . His campaign against Rome produced some of the finest military strategy and thinking that ancient world had seen, or for that matter even the modern world has seen. Like all military leaders he was cruel and ruthless, but only to the degree where these traits served to meet the objective of his campaign. His very decision to repudiate the route of Rome in wake of the slaughter at the Battle of Cannae shows the finer elements of his character.

Should Vietnam Concentrate on Tourism for its Economic Development?

Vietnam is in the republic of southeastward East Asia, bordered by China on the north, by the sulfur China Sea on the east and south, and by Cambodia and Laos on the due west. form eithery the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, its area is 331,690 sq km (128,066 sq mi). Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh City is the surface areas largest city. Ho Chi Minh is at the coordinates 106 degrees south, 10 degrees west on a map.There many ways in which the tourist industry would benefit Vietnam as a whole. Tourism, of course, makes a long union of property it could be hundreds of millions every year. For example places like Barcelona have plow huge, great cities full of people thanks to the money made from touristry. in any case read thisCheating in a Bottom Line rescueTourism also creates atomic piles of new jobs for the people living in the country and some people who give come to work in Vietnam from different countries. The new jobs will trickle right down to the f armers who parent the food for the people who sell food to the hotels. This means it will be very good for agriculture, giving farmers to a greater extent money to buy to a greater extent land and grow more crops.People who have jobs in other(a) industries making products for MEDCs like workers in Pepsi factories, could easily switch to having an easier but transgress paid life in the tourist industry.Concentrating on tourism solely might still work for Vietnam. If the locals take part in cogitate and decision making, the tourists are responsible in Vietnam and the government sets policies and plans ahead for it at that placefore it could work quite well.But even if it does work then there will be some downsides.Tourists generally makes quite a lot of mess wherever they go, they can destroy some of the beautiful beaches and rainforests. The rainforests themselves will have to be cut through for new highways, towns and airports.With the new highways would, hundreds upon thousa nds of cars and trucks, which would in the end pollute the country, turning tourist away from it.The effect on the countries seek industries could be catastrophic. The South China Sea could be way over-fished, so hotels and resorts would have to import fish, driving prices up and making the appeal of refreshed fish vanish.The effect on individual families could be bad similarly the father could have to move away to a bigger city, potentially leaving the family behind, splitting the family up. This could happen to thousands of families.If the tourist industry failed then the country would have nothing to fall back on, it would use up all its money and end up back at the start.Unfortunately, most of the money tourists spend in foreign countries is immediately used to import more food, equipment and resources for the hotels and nightclubs. This leaves little money left over for the local people and economy.In conclusion I think that Vietnam should seriously consider Tourism as a bi g part of their economy but I dont think that they should ignore everything else. If given the time, Vietnam could become just as unwieldy as Japan in the computer services/games industry or as big as America or Germany in the automotive industry.I think the best effect of tourism in Vietnam would be the huge summation of jobs it creates and could make thousands of informal jobs vanish for formal tourism jobs.The vanquish thing about tourism in Vietnam would be the huge amount of damage that would be inflicted on such a beautiful landscape thanks to all the cars, litter and sewage caused by the tourists.In other words tourism could be great for the country but foreboding(a) as well. But I still think concentrating on tourism would be a bad idea for Vietnams economy.

Labour Disputes Case

Labour Disputes A look at the TKM ferment Introduction Toyota Kirloskar beat hold up reclusive Limited (TKM) was a joint venture, established in 1997, amid Toyota Motor Corporation (Toyota), Japans largest rail political machine high society and the second-largest car manuf roundurer in the world, and the Kirloskar Group of India. Toyota holds an 89% equity stake and succession the Kirloskar Group holds the remaining 11%. Toyota has over 400 acres of ground in its Bidadi plant and less than half of the land has been utilised so far even though its plants capacity is ab come to the fore 60,000 units per annum.Toyota has invested nearly 15 billion INR in the plant. Some of its most famous brands such as Camry, Innova and Corolla are the end products of this plant. The plant had a total flowforce of 2,378 out of which around 1,550 employees belonged to the Employee Union. Toyotas plant has witnessed labour unrest in 2001 and again in 2002 hitting the output of their vehicles leading to a ban of the strike by the Government. Below, we discuss the various reasons, which led to the clashes between the watchfulness and the employees of TKM.This highlights the growing bit of instances of clashes between the employees and the watchfulness of companies in India, which is often guided by orthogonal parties such as cover summations and political parties. Aim To understand The grandness of HR policies adopted by the organization to pr proceeds labor unrest at the workplace. The role of muckle matings, political parties etceterain upsetting the work culture in a smart set. The Issue On January 08, 2006, Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited (TKM) announced an indefinite lockout of its vehicle manufacturing plant at Bidadi find near Bangalore, Karnataka.The keep company claimed to receive forced to resort to such a decision following a continuous strike by their employee confederacy for third day in a row. The Toyota-Kirloskar union affiliated to t he vegetable marrow of raft Union (CITU) Jan 9, 2006 demanded that the Government prosecute the counseling, which had stated an indefinite lockout of the local unit for violating a section of the Industrial battle act . On January 06, 2006, the Employee Union went on strike with the demand to reinstate three fired employees, ten suspended employees, and improve the work condition at the plant. fit in to company sources, these employees were dismissed and suspended based on disciplinary issues. TKM declared that it would not rehire those employees culminating in the strike and lockout. The company state that the striking workers were imminent to blowup LPG gas cylinders in the company premises, obstructing the outward movement of make vehicles, illegally s confidential informationping employment, and manhandling other workers, who were not part of the Employee Union, to strike.The Employee Union said that these employees were dismissed because they were active members of the trade union and the company was unhappy with the union activities. They further added that the working environment at the plant was not contri notwithstandinging(prenominal) and the work hours were longer than the standard. The issue scaled further in the event of the Company representatives failing to appear before the Labor Commissioner on January 09, 2006 for dispute response with the union. The company reasoned that they feared adverse reactions from the aggressive union members.Though, the company appealed for two weeks time to appear before the Labor Commissioner so that power could become stable, they were given time only till January 12, 2006. The Employee Union with the back up of CITU and other unions demanded the intervention of the state government to help resolving the dispute in their favor. TKM continued with partial production of vehicles with the help of non-unionized workers and the charge staff who were specially trained for these kinds of emergencies.Irrespe ctive of this, the company incurred huge production losses due to reduction in output by 60%. The Employee Union withdrew their strike following a Government Order on January 21, 2006, which was against the strike The Company lifted the lockout on January 21, 2006 stating that it was responding to the request from workers who eager to pitch to work. Aftermath The unrest had other impacts as the Toyota spokesperson said that the company would rethink its recent decision to build a second car manufacturing plant in the state.These sorts of incidents will definitely hamper the Governments efforts to bring in foreign direct investments to the countrified. This in turn would come to the growth rate, employability and GDP of the country. Discussion Industrial disputes are costly and negatively charged to companies and employees alike. The policy formulations should be such that it is strong enough to avoid conflicts or resolve it successfully. Though it is not possible to avoid confli cts, a brass can be built in, which guidelines a proper conflict root management.In the above case, a proper conflict resolution management system would have solved the issue well within the company rather than involving external parties and escalating the problem thereby resulting in huge production losses &038 wasted mandates. The HR policies and the top management support should be such as to minimise the chance of a grievance bit into dispute, there by avoiding the influence of external parties in disturbing the dispassionate working environment.Either of the parties who participate in a conflict resolution procedure should come with an open mind, without any baggage that hampers the setting. They should be prepare to trust each other and believe in the efforts taken by either of them in solving the dispute. The management must give the combat-ready institution its right place in the managerial organisation of the pioneer and implementing the policies of the undertaking. The labour, on the other hand, must also whole heartedly co-operate with the management through with(predicate) its trade unions.A committee can be formed by the management with the whole hearted co-operation of the workers. The board can involve an equal do of participation from the employees as well as the management. The board can rival at a timely interval and discuss grievances before them turn into disputes. Issues related to work hours, remuneration, productivity, etc can have a say in the board meetings. Policies are made for all the areas of an organisation at the top level which give impetus for growth, discipline, productivity of an manufacturing or business.These policies act as management guidelines to the functional heads who can discharge their responsibilities with clarity. Policies cover the areas of clement relations like policies regarding motivation, morale, communication, leadership, styles, grievance procedure, disciplinary procedure employee counseling e tc. These policies also cover the areas of industrial relations like Union recognition, union representation, collective bargaining, prevention and settlement of industrial disputes, participative management etc . Voices Central trade unions are still relevant, mainly for the unorganised sector.Internal unions should not have a narrow view on this. They should be aware of the problems of their brothers -AITUC subject field secretary D L Sachdev. An ITI pass-out in TKM gets around Rs 15,000 a month, age outside the company hell only make Rs 4,000 or so. Not hardly the money, but even in terms of facilities, we offer the best. -K K Swamy, representative managing director, Toyota Kirloskar Motor. We have requested the government to intervene in the matter at a time and prohibit the lockout declared by the management which is illegal.The government should prosecute the management for violating labour laws and issue immediate relief to the dismissed employees such as reinstatement and payment of wages during the dismissed period. -Meenakshi Sundaram, General Secretary, Centre of Indian Trade Union, Bangalore, in 2006. How long can we put up with unruly demeanour? We would like to restore normalcy as soon as possible, but at the same time, we would not like to compromise on discipline. -A. R Shankar, General Manager, Corporate Planning Division, Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited, in 2006. on that point are another 11 people suspended by the management and we fear they may also be dismissed. We are officially conjectural to work for eight hours but we are overworked sometimes. And we are treated in such a way, that we cant even take a bathroom break when we want. -R. Ravi, Union Joint Secretary, Toyota Kirloskar Motor Employees Unions, in 2006. remainder season India boasts the best in class labour irrespective of the tinct of the collar, what worries the industry are the regulations in terms of access to this valuable resource.The trade unions a re not favouring the demand of the industry to improve labour legislations. While trade unions are of opinion that it would result in labour mismanagement, the industry states that the labour reforms are essential considering the frequent situational changes in the business scenario. jibe to Management experts, the success story of the software industry indicates how far our country can achieve if not restricted by controls. Bibliography Ramanathan, Kalyana. India Is Labour hold out Resurfacing? Rediff 06 August 2005. 01 March 2007. http//www. rediff. com/money/2005/aug/06spec. tm Essential Conditions in triple-crown Working of WPM CiteMan Network 08 November 2006. 25 February 2007. http//www. citeman. com/essential-conditions-in-successful-working-of-wpm Industrial Disputes Business involvement 25 February 2007. http//www. businesslink. gov. uk/bdotg/action/layer? r. l1=1073858787&038topicId=1074045599&038r. l2=1074207487&038r. s=tl Labour agitation CiteMan Network 05 April 20 07. 26 February 2007. http//www. citehr. com/25642-labour-unrest. html Toyota Talks Fail The Financial convey 17 January 2006. 27 February 2007. http//www. financialexpress. com/fe_full_ story. php? content_id=114765

Expository – Unpolished Gem

Expository Essay Prompt The authority of the classify is a lot the cause of losing our various(prenominal) identity operator Our identities have no bodies, so, unlike you, we cannot harbour order by physical coercion. We believe that from ethics, enlightened self-importance-interest, and the commonweal, our governance depart protrude. A quote from John Perry Barlow. This quote describes how our identity will emerge through the different ethic crops as substantially as our self interests. Personal identity is around knowing who you atomic number 18 and what you are the eye of differents. every(prenominal) different soul is different in their own persona.We exclusively come from different families and cultures as well as societal conventions who influence the way our individual identity is sculpted. Being part of a group can change and/or influence our identity as well as the choices we make. This is commonly known as couple pressure. During adolescence we experi ence an unconquerable number of changes to our social well-being including the way we interact with others and what peer groups we participator ourselves with. Throughout this time we learn from some mistakes that usually evolve most our social life including what actions we undertake as a part of our peer group.As depicted in todays society, a large issue forth of these groups have negative effects on the individuals that are part of these groups and are therefore judged by society not knowing the individual identity of the people in that group. This is the time where identity is discovered and maintained passim our maturity into adulthood. Individuality is some amour all people naturally have that develops into an identity. The explanation of identity is the collective aspect of the set of characteristics by which a thing is definitively recognizable or known.Throughout the course of life, people encounter many obstacles that they mustiness overcome and conquer in order to complete the process of learning. Your repute is determined by the actions that you complete as a result of an tie beam with certain social groups. That reputation translated to a key part of discovering your individual identity. Family groups can complete change the way you express yourself and showing your identity. Every family is different and expect many different characteristics in your identity which accept appearance, personality and beliefs.A person can have two separate identities, matchless they use for family groups and culture and the other for their social groups. How you interact with people from your family group can sometimes interfere and change the way we interact with our social groups making it a negative and positive effect. The cultures in which we live in also alter how we express ourselves and interact with others. some people with the kindred ethnical background usually form their own group unitedly and sometimes dislike or do not accept other groups because of their cultural backgrounds.In conclusion, the power of groups can completely alter a persons individual identity through Social group influences and family/cultural influences. The different influences can alter decisions you make as well as the way you act more or less certain people of society. All around the humanness people make assumptions and conclusions on a persons identity through the different groups they are associated with. These different assumptions lead to the world problems of racism, religious wars and also in some aspects war itself.This alone displays the power of the group identity can have over a learning of an individuals sense of identity. Reflective response This essay was fundamentally a replication of how my individuality was/is determined and developed throughout my life. I included the many different influences that had a heavy effect on my personal identity which included the most powerful influence of a group. Being part of a group pretty much disintegrated my identity unless I was identified on my own with people from another group.The auditory modality is basically anyone who wants to learn more about how their Individual identity may be developed without knowing when or in what way it had developed. Many adolescences can relate to these influences as they are my fellow peers who are experiences many of these things that shape who we are and arent. However it was quite a challenge to sample include these influences and explain them so many people who be the auditory modality of this will have to have some sort of understanding about identity in general so that they can relate to the social function and context of the text.

Is Nuclear Energy Answer to the Energy Crisis by Albert You

Is thermo thermo atomic force play the answer to the competency crisis? Submission Date 29/8/2012 needful Length 1250-1500 Actual Length 1291 Introduction It is frequently said that thermo thermo thermo thermonuclear energy is cheaper, safer and more efficient than fossil fuels, and without the effects on oxygenize pollution, so it is often seen as a solution to the energy crisis. In 2000, approximately a sixth of the global electricity advocator was provided by nuclear power. Boyle, G et al 2003) However, over the last year, there has been the hard accident with a nuclear power base in Japan, which has hunt attention on the nuclear issue once again, as it recalled the ravage happening of Chernobyl, Ukraine in 1986. It needs to be asked whether it is safe enough to be the answer to the energy crisis. From my perspective, exploitation of the nuclear energy produce through with(p) more harm than good so removed. Therefore, how to approach the role of nuclear power in thi s energy crisis in future is the highest priority.Environment According to the sustainable Development commission (2006), there is no energy technology end reach zero carbon emissions currently. Even renewable technologies will scat to carbon emissions during construction. Nuclear power plants are no different. With large call for of product of cement and metal during construction, mining the uranium ore, massive energy inputs on forsakes disposal and the uranium enrichment facility, nuclear energy is definitely non green energy like concourse say so.Moreover, as the spin- saturnine during the uranium enrichment processes, HCFC (hydro chlorofluorocarbon), the major(ip) contributor of depletion of the ozone layer in the f number atmosphere, which more or less discharged to the atmosphere though aft(prenominal) treatment. Due to the limitation of efficiency, approximately 33% heat utilization proportion (From IAEA 2012), the light water reactor demand, a large amount of dis sipation heat are discharged by nuclear plant .For typic nuclear systems, in order to ensure that the effects of temperature rise in the environment is small, a large amounts of water (around a billion gallons per day) moldiness be passed through the steam condenser to cool down them ,which as well is the main reason why the nuclear plants built near the ocean or water area . Heater water can have adverse effects on the plant and animal life which dexterity brass instrument a great variation among species. ( Murray, R 1980) All nuclear plants generate dangerous nuclear wastes.Nuclear wastes contain radioactive material which is insecure to most forms of life and the environment. Some nuclear wastes remain dangerous for thousands of geezerhood. When biological tissue expose on radiation or touch radioactive material, energy is deposited and a series physical changes make believe place that cause great damage on the cells to variation or death. Current major approaches to man aging nuclear wastes are segregation, storage and deep burial for a tenacious time according the different risk level of wastes.There are round cases about leak of wastes, and few communities are willing to accept waste site near them. (Gore, A, 2009) Cost and thriftiness If only considering the unit toll of producing electricity by the nuclear power comparing other forms of energy, it is seems to be cheaper much from the data (World Nuclear Association, 2010). However, building a new nuclear plant is a tremendously complicated project that addresss huge investment and takes many years to complete. It is no likely to calculate the perfect cost of a new nuclear power plant claimed by the Sustainable Develop Commission.Helen Caldicott (2010) believes that the real economy value of nuclear pains is neer carefully analyzed, including the cost of uranium enrichment, financial claims later on the nuclear disaster, construction and decommission. It is a fact that a smaller proporti on (approximately 26%) of fuel cost accounts for a nuclear power plants whole operating cost than other types of power plants. However, the high cost of waste disposal remains a big headache since advent of nuclear technology .According to the mail online news, the cost of cleaning up Britains nuclear waste has increased to almost ? 48 billion, it was revealed today as the political science unveiled radical changes to managing the countrys nuclear legacy. The cost of the programme was estimated at ? 43 billion last year but it has soared to ? 47. 9 billion. (2012). A boost problem is that nuclear power plants must maintain higher standards of in operation(p) condition in case of the likelihood of potential safety loopholes of equipment in poor condition.In addition Employees, administration, and supplies cost a nuclear power plant $0. 0137 per kWh on average in 2008. (Morgan J, 2010) Going back to the nuclear disaster cause by earthquake-tsunami in Fukushima, the government of Ja pan estimates the cost at $300 billion, which would make it the most expensive natural disaster on record, according to Birmingham L (2011). JP Morgan has estimated the Tokyo electricity company whitethorn face claims of up to 2 trillion yen, nearly 15 billion pounds by the end of this year.As to the subsequent expenditure of Chernobyl disaster, in Ukraine, 5-7 percent of government outlay each year is still devoted to Chernobyl- link up benefits and programmes. In Belarus, total expending by Belarus on Chernobyl between 1991 and 2003 was more than US $ 13 billion. condom and Accidents The most important part of public concern is the safety of nuclear plant. Regardless of how many wisdom man have, human being never can bear the disastrous results once nuclear accident take place.Huge loss in economy, irreversible damage in environment and unheralded effects on future, all of these prove the nuclear power have not meet the contemporary safe needs. With the last one nuclear power station closed in March 2012 in Japan, which agent the all of the Japans 50 reactors have been taken off line, marking the countrys first no nuclear power day since May 1970. And after Fukushima disaster, under the pressure of anti- nuclear protests, Germanys compaction government has announced a reversal of policy that all the countrys nuclear power plants will be phased out by 2022.Twenty five years on, the disaster at Chernobyl casts a long shadow over the people. As the most serious nuclear disaster on history , Chernobyl disaster, which proceed directly to thirty one deaths in that accident . About 200,000 people had to be permanently migrated after the disaster. According to IAEA report, up to 4,000 people may die from long-term diseases related to the accident. Those numbers are a payoff of debate. The World Health Organization reported the actual number of deaths related to Chernobyl was about 9,000. However, when atastrophe happened in Fukushima, in Japan, this tragedy makes people realise the howling(a) hazard of nuclear power once again and the fear is far more than the loss. There have been over 25 indirectly deaths or cases of radiation indisposition from the nuclear accident, over 100,000 people had to be evacuated from their homes. In this day and age, for terrorists, nuclear power plants are obvious targets. (Caldicott, h, 2007) Assault by hijacked plane, truck bombs, or covert attack into the reactors govern room, which are very likely happened in the future. Once breakout of war, nuclear plants also are first military targets.The subsequence of meltdown or destroy of reactors could trigger the countless death of people in severely populated areas, and they would suffer slowly and painfully from acute radiation sickness year after year, cancer, leukaemia, congenital deformities, or genetic disease. Conclusion In conclusion, it is clear from the preceding arguments that the weakness overweighed the advantages in nuclear power use, consi dering the impacts of the undecipherable power to the environment, huge cost of upfront investment and reconstruction after disaster and the unknown safety hidden risk.Owing to this, people should take the nuclear power seriously because of the nuclear disaster would not be bitter by human race. Hence, the each governments should not promoted the nuclear power as the answer to the energy crisis. Bibliography Birmingham, L. 2011, Japan Recovery Slowed by Aftershocks, Tokyo Monday Boyle, G, et al. 2003, readiness Systems and sustainability- power for a sustainable future, Oxford university press Oxford, Pp, 395-396. Caldicott, H. 2007, Nuclear power is not the answer new press Pp,55-58.Gore, A. 2009, Our Choice a plan to net the climate crisis, Bloomsbury publishing Great Britain Pp, 150-154. IAEA, 2012. Summary of Nuclear Power Reactors online acquirable http//world-nuclear. org/reference/default. aspx? id=984&ampLangType=2057&ampterms=33%25 accessed at 26/08/2012 IAEA, 20 01. 15 Years After Chernobyl, nuclear power plant safety improved , but strains on health, economy and environment remainonlineavailable http//www. iaea. org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno15_main. shtmlacce

A Madman’s Diary, The True Story of Ah Q and The New Years Sacrifice Essay

I. entrancewayMuch of Lu Hsuns stories be re exhibitions of his past struggles. He admits this in the preface of his collection of induces entitled, Call to Arms. just as this collection was viewed by Lu Hsun himself as a way to encourage three-year-old dreamers to pursue their aspirations and spare themselves of the agony of his young, much of it start outs a mirror as well of the Chinese culture and invoice. Hence, Lu Hsun is not entirely a chief commander of mainland Chinas modern Cultural variation he is likewise the founder of modern Chinese literature.This paper aims to come to a modest critical analysis of Lu Hsuns work using his first three short stories namely A lunatics Diary, The True Story of Ah Q and The New Years Sacrifice. These are chosen to identify patterns of themes, subjects and beliefs that are embodied in his writings. Also, we hope to be com manpowersurate to apprehend Chinese traditions and heritage using the same short stories. In the end up w e may find literature as a sound method of making a noble contri andion to the world with its inbred power to opine, philosophize and influence.Let us begin with a design telling of the stories plots and details. After which we enumerate the significance of each and finishingly to lead a general assessment of the narratives lessons and socio-cultural and political implications. This last part of the analysis is relevant as we support had hints already of the intentions of the source to provide an empowerment to the readers for the attainment of certain goals. The paper leave alone end in such a way that Lu Hsun is commended for his cr wash upivity in the craft to produce sh own consistency of his agenda as manifested in his literary machinery ergo, becomes successful and compatible endeavors of regenerationary and literary toils.II. A Madmans DiaryThe first story is a narration of Lu Hsuns reading of a diary of his old friend. The latter referred to as the maniac, fi nished his personal peaks puzzle expressed the nature of his sickness. He sees his own br other(a), relatives, neighbors and pay back as man- fertilizeers. The content of the diary may seem weird and horrendous yet the reason of the diary charged of insanity has managed to think and declare of historical accounts to prove his case. For instance, he called a previous enemy, Ku Chiu which in translation means Ancient Times his doctor, Li Shih-chen who in floor was a famous pharmacologist and authored the Materia Medica.Both usage have youthfulnt meanings and will be explained later. The madman also has knowledge of several traditional myths akin his mention of Yi Ya, who according to ancient records cooked his son as present to Duke Huan who was linguistic conventionality since 685 to 643 B.C. of Chi he mentioned also Chieh and Chou who were known tyrants in invoice Hsu His Lin who during the end of Ching dynasty was a alterationary executed in 1907 whose heart and co loured were believed to have been tireen because of his assassination of a Ching official. Again, these historical descriptions have significance in the goal of the author of Madmans Diary.The context of the story may seem to its audience a basic case of mental illness but this is true unless proper decoding is employed. The story suggests that t here(predicate) is a past experience which the madman has underwent which we could think of as the cause of his psychosis. accord to the author, the madman has suffered from persecution. The sen sequencent of the main character at the time he was sick already against other people characterizes the same feelings he mat against them before this condition.Man- take in the story symbolizes the feudal system in China. The oppression that the tenants suffer from their land lords has caused the madman to perhaps hate the former. The man-eaters in the story as observed by the madman consist of his neighbors, brother, doctor, etc. basically all those who are of the land-owning class. The conspirators making themselves man-eaters as well include his own mother- this is due to the latters inability to reprimand his brother. To the madmans mind, those who support and those who are silenced by the oppression are a resembling. This is why he refers to them as man-eaters as well they all look at him in the same way like fierce animals ready to eat him and his flesh. Every daytime, the madman has to deal with the same looks and reactions.He thought he was doing a good argument of having been able to decipher their true intentions of killing and alimentation him. In the end however it pained him to have known that his infant could have died in the same experience of being eaten by other people. It pained him that his own family has not done anything while his mothers weeping did not change the fact of her daughters tragicalal devastation.The seemingly unjust treatment of the community against a madman like him is translate d into the majoritys incapacity and lack of buoyancy to uphold a revolution such as that which would overhaul feudalism and promote equality. Yet, the madman has seen that Mr Chao for instance did not look solely at him with anger but with fear as well. One is afraid to change the status quo where he/she is already benefiting. Just like Mr Ku Chiu who was displeased with his intervention on his account sheets twenty dollar bill years ago. Ku Chiu meaning Ancient Times symbolizes the long history of feudal oppression in China.The madman business leader have do wild statements in his diary but to a madman this signifies discontent, confusion, motley emotions of fear and pain, none of which is equivalent to happiness and peace. He said he has not seen the moon for over thirty years. He must have been imprisoned or isolated that long from the community, the people barely recognize him just like the dog which looked at him twice. In the new day or perhaps new circumstance he is into, he only remembers the feelings of annoyance against them. Yet he witnessed the children, lively as they may bulge but the madman, reluctant about their purity thought they also had eye that misinterpret him. When he said their parents could have told them about his story, he was referring to the authoritativeistic transfer of the tradition of tyranny to the new generation and the hindrance to their seek for truth, justice and equality.The madman abhors the fact that the own victims of this cruelty have not done anything to antagonize but why do they look at him like that? This is expressed in the part belowThose people, some of whom have been pilloried by the magistrate, slapped in the face by the local gentry, had their wives taken away by bailiffs, or their parents driven to suicide by creditors, never looked as frightened and as fierce then as they did yesterday (Lu Hsun, A Madmans Diary, April, 1918)He sees their laughers, discussions of him, teeth and speech as comprising their sequestered signs. There are statements in the story which the author has provided for us to understand further the nature of the norm in their history. Like when the madman remembers the time when he would be commended by his brother for his indifference vis a vis vituperate doingsI remember when my elder brother taught me to write compositions, no matter how good a man was, if I produced arguments to the contrary he would mark that passage to show his approval while if I forgive evil-doers, he would say Good for you, that shows originalityAt that time , it would have been wear if you are blind and deaf and perhaps insane to resist the subjugation. This is also presented in the part where Mr. Ho, the doctor tells the madman Dont allow your imagination run away with you Rest quietly for a few days and you will be alright The madman sees this statement as a warning for his deed of courage and integrity. to be brave and spotless yield death of a man.Toward the end of the story, the madman asked a twenty year old lad if it was right to eat human beings and if such was an accepted act simply because it has always been like that. The author here is arriving at an assumption that a tradition of cruelty could have been regarded by most of them as justifiable by its permanence and embedded nature. But a challenge has been set forth in the end that is to become a real man. For the madman, real men dont eat human beings. Although as claimed, primitive people have done so, he advised his brother that to remain like them is the same as reptiles and animals who eat flesh and must be ashamed of themselves.This is a way for the author to propose that to desist tradition (the four thousand years of eating flesh) is to put a halt to oppression this is the act of a real man. He calls on a change of spirit and ideas so he tells them in the story You should change at once, change from the bottom of your wagon You must know that in future there will be no place for man-eaters in the world . . . . His final words are equally challenging and meaningful. It was a call for change especially for the youth Perhaps there are still children who have not eaten men? Save the children. . .III. The True Story of Ah QThe second story is written in December, 1921. Ah Q is a worker in the Weichuang village who has become a express joy stock and destination of insult from amongst his fellow villagers. His death was a tragic one considering that while his origin has not been known to the author or to the village people in the story, the cause of his execution is also incomplete defined by him nor his fellowmen. It is in this cycle confusions and uncertainties that the story becomes a revealing of the situation of China during the early nineteenth century.Lu Hsun has used characters in the story with meaningful roles in Chinas history. Mr. Chao and Mr. Chien are both influential and wealthy people in the village whose sons have devoted them pride by passi ng the examination and having been posted to high positions in the society Whiskers Wang and Young D who are servants like Ah Q had contrastive perspectives and never united The phoney Foreign daystar who studied in Japan and has returned to the village without any meaningful contribution the nun whom Ah Q have maltreated for his perceived false modesty of her the townspeople the military original the successful provincial candidate the old man with a reasonable shaven head they all did not spare Ah Q a little.It appeared that Ah Q was lovesome of drinking wine, sleeping after a days job at the Tutelary Gods Temple and imagining his own definition of victories. For Ah Q being beaten by a son is a conquest and every time he is teased by the village folk for his scar that looked like ringworm on his head and crushed to the argue for his eccentricities, he considers them losers for they are his sons. This weird claim of Ah Q has made the people a lot much irritated of him.T o him his only two turn thumbs downs were namely his defeat by Whiskers Wang who he regard as his equal and by the Imitation Foreign Devil. He found dignity in hurt a small nun. When he lost his job due to an happening with a maidservant at the Chao family house, he headed to the other town where a stroke of luck provided him with goods enough to be sold and become a source of his new profit. Yet along with his return to the village and his regenerate sense of respect for himself when the people started to talk about him and his fortune, a revolution occurred. Without much clarity, he was caught as suspect to a robbery by the revolutionaries at the Chao family.He told the captors that he might have approved of the revolution but he was not allowed to join because the Imitation Foreign Devil prohibited him. Uneducated, Ah Q was made to draw a circle as skin senses in a paper whose content was unknown to him and later that day, he was set as an example to the people and all other revolutionaries for death execution.One must have knowledge of Chinas history to be able to appreciate further Ah Qs story. The Qing dynasty with its long-lived rule and enormous failures has caused a deterioration of performance along traditional lines. The reach of remoteers who were driven by the industrial revolution of the West had caused much scandal and loss of resources for the prideful denizens of China. With their superior weaponry and cultural superiority might have brought Chinas independence they have nonetheless encountered opposition.This foreign presence has resulted to changed political demands among the revolutionaries. The Taiping Uprising for instance considered as the longest crank rebellion denounced Confucianism and found new aspirations in Christianity. The dynasty resorted to the Chinese provincial armies to stamp down the Taipings.A lot has changed since the abolition of the civil service examination in China based on the Confucian classics. There has b een a weapons platform of sending students to Japan for modern studies that brought radical ideas convinced of overthrowing the dynasty and revolutionizing China. This success of reclamation however by Sun Yat Sen has not abandoned feudalism, and has worsened due to Chinas dependency in the new market economy and international trade, the condition of the peasants who were displaced and deprived. Warlordism and the lack of nationalism have deepened the problem of China until the success of the CCP in the 1940s.These events took place prior and perhaps during the writing of Lu Hsuns Ah Q. Clearly, Ah Q represents the peasant revolution which has been isolated from the intellectuals endeavor. When Ah Q was denied participation by the Imitation Foreign Devil, the author has implied here that those who have attained education in Japan in the nineteenth century have not accomplish the true essence of a revolution. They failed to establish unity among its people as superiority among the land owning class prevails. Thus, Ah Q might have wanted to fight off for as he claimed in the story, revolution is good, but it was late for him to prove his strength and capacity. He was executed in a offensive he has not committed.  His lack of knowledge failed him to understand the situation this is more painful for him.